@article{aphysicaltheoryofbackpropagationexactgra,
  title = {A Physical Theory of Backpropagation: Exact Gradients from the Least-Action Principle},
  author = {Antonino Emanuele Scurria},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2602.02281},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02281},
}