@article{canllmsestimatestudentstruggleshumanaidi,
  title = {Can LLMs Estimate Student Struggles? Human-AI Difficulty Alignment with Proficiency Simulation for Item Difficulty Prediction},
  author = {Ming Li and Han Chen and Yunze Xiao and Jian Chen and Hong Jiao and Tianyi Zhou},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2512.18880},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.18880},
}