@article{cowardcollisionbasedoodwatermarkingforpr,
  title = {Coward: Collision-based OOD Watermarking for Practical Proactive Federated Backdoor Detection},
  author = {Wenjie Li and Siying Gu and Yiming Li and Shuxin Li and Zhili Chen and Tianwei Zhang and Shu-Tao Xia},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2508.02115},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02115},
}