@article{emergentllmbehaviorsareobservationally,
  title = {Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage},
  author = {Christopher Barrie and Petter Törnberg},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2505.23796},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23796v1},
}