@article{gradientflowoptimizationasdynamicrandome,
  title = {Gradient-Flow Optimization as Dynamic Random-Effects Inference: Testing and Early Stopping with Applications to Deep Learning},
  author = {Minhao Yao and Ruoyu Wang and Xihong Lin and Lin Liu and Zhonghua Liu},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2605.27991},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.27991},
}