@article{heartpflstablepersonalizedfederatedlearn,
  title = {HEART-PFL: Stable Personalized Federated Learning under Heterogeneity with Hierarchical Directional Alignment and Adversarial Knowledge Transfer},
  author = {Minjun Kim and Minje Kim},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.24209},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.24209},
}