@article{optimalityandnphardnessoftransformersinl,
  title = {Optimality and NP-Hardness of Transformers in Learning Markovian Dynamical Functions},
  author = {Yanna Ding and Songtao Lu and Yingdong Lu and Tomasz Nowicki and Jianxi Gao},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2510.18638},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.18638},
}