@article{safetyisnoncompositionalaformalframework,
  title = {Safety is Non-Compositional: A Formal Framework for Capability-Based AI Systems},
  author = {Cosimo Spera},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.15973},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15973},
}