@article{thehardnessofvalidatingobservational, title = {The Hardness of Validating Observational Studies with Experimental Data}, author = {Jake Fawkes and Michael O'Riordan and Athanasios Vlontzos and Oriol Corcoll and CiarĂ¡n Mark Gilligan-Lee}, year = {2025}, eprint = {2503.14795}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.14795v1}, }