@article{tiertrajectoryinvariantexecutionrewardsf,
  title = {TIER: Trajectory-Invariant Execution Rewards for Multi-Step Tool Composition},
  author = {Anay Kulkarni and ChiaEn Lu and Dheeraj Mekala and Jayanth Srinivasa and Gaowen Liu and Jingbo Shang},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2605.16790},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16790},
}