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A retrieval conditioned rebinding circuit for dynamic entity tracking in large language models

To interpret context correctly and retrieve relevant information, large language models must bind entities to their attributes and update these bindings as state changes. We analyze how LLMs implement this binding process in a dynamic state tracking. Using causal interventions, we identify a retrieval conditioned rebinding mechanism, a compact attention head circuit that encodes swap relevant binding information and reinstates it at readout. Across Gemma and Llama models, this circuit supports rebinding behavior, but the representational signature of the mechanism differs across model families. In Gemma models, the binding signature is clearly expressed in the query/key subspaces of the relevant attention heads, whereas in Llama models, the binding information is carried primarily in key vectors. Overall, our results reveal an interpretable mechanism for context dependent state tracking in LLMs.

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