Antigenic Cooperation in Viral Populations: Redistribution of Loads Among Altruistic Viruses and Maximal Load per Altruist
The paper continues the study of the phenomenon of local immunodeficiency (LI) in viral cross-immunoreactivity networks, with a focus on the roles and interactions between altruistic and persistent viral variants. As always, only the state of stable (i.e. observable) LI is analysed. First, we show that a single altruistic viral variant has an upper limit for the number of persistent viral variants that it can support. Our findings reveal that in viral cross-immunoreactivity networks, altruistic viruses act essentially autonomously from each other. Namely, connections between altruistic viruses do not change neither their qualitative roles, nor the quantitative values of the strengths of their connections in the CRNs. In other words, each altruistic virus does exactly the same actions and with the same strengths with or without presence of other altruistic viruses. However, having more altruistic viruses allows to keep sizes of populations of persistent viruses at the higher levels. Likewise, the strength of the immune response against any altruistic virus remains at the same constant level regardless of how many persistent viruses this altruistic virus supports, i.e. shields from the immune response of the host's immune system. It is also shown that viruses strongly compete with each other in order to become persistent in the state of stable LI. We also present an example for a CRN with stable LI that only consists of persistent viral variants.
Code (0)
등록된 구현이 없습니다.
Methods 이 논문이 사용한 방법론
Similar Papers 제목 키워드 기반
Antigenic cooperation in Viral Populations: Transformation of Functions of Intra-Host Viral Variants
In this paper we study intra-host viral adaptation by antigenic cooperation - a mechanism of immune escape that serves as an alternative to the standard mechanism of escape by continuous genomic diversification and allow…
Genotype networks drive oscillating endemicity and epidemic trajectories in viral evolution
Rapidly evolving viruses use antigenic drift as a key mechanism to evade host immunity and persist in real populations. While traditional models of antigenic drift and epidemic spread rely on low-dimensional antigenic sp…
Phylodynamics of rapidly adapting pathogens: extinction and speciation of a Red Queen
Rapidly evolving pathogens like influenza viruses can persist by accumulating antigenic novelty fast enough to evade the adaptive immunity of the host population, yet without continuous accumulation of genetic diversity.…
Antigenic waves of virus-immune co-evolution
The evolution of many microbes and pathogens, including circulating viruses such as seasonal influenza, is driven by immune pressure from the host population. In turn, the immune systems of infected populations get updat…
Concepts and methods for predicting viral evolution
The seasonal human influenza virus undergoes rapid evolution, leading to significant changes in circulating viral strains from year to year. These changes are typically driven by adaptive mutations, particularly in the a…