Are Mandarin Sandhi Tone 3 and Tone 2 the Same or Different? The Results of Functional Data Analysis

Form and meaning co-determine the realization of tone in Taiwan Mandarin spontaneous speech: the case of Tone 3 sandhi

In Standard Chinese, Tone 3 (the dipping tone) becomes Tone 2 (rising tone) when followed by another Tone 3. Previous studies have noted that this sandhi process may be incomplete, in the sense that the assimilated Tone …

Improving TTS for Shanghainese: Addressing Tone Sandhi via Word Segmentation

Tone is a crucial component of the prosody of Shanghainese, a Wu Chinese variety spoken primarily in urban Shanghai. Tone sandhi, which applies to all multi-syllabic words in Shanghainese, then, is key to natural-soundin…

Whether and How Mandarin Sandhied Tone 3 and Underlying Tone 2 differ in Terms of Vowel Quality?

Probing the phonetic and phonological knowledge of tones in Mandarin TTS models

This study probes the phonetic and phonological knowledge of lexical tones in TTS models through two experiments. Controlled stimuli for testing tonal coarticulation and tone sandhi in Mandarin were fed into Tacotron 2 a…

Perceptual evaluation of Mandarin tone sandhi production by Cantonese speakers before and after perceptual training