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Beyond Strong labels: Weakly-supervised Learning Based on Gaussian Pseudo Labels for The Segmentation of Ellipse-like Vascular Structures in Non-contrast CTs

Deep-learning-based automated segmentation of vascular structures in preoperative CT scans contributes to computer-assisted diagnosis and intervention procedure in vascular diseases. While CT angiography (CTA) is the common standard, non-contrast CT imaging is significant as a contrast-risk-free alternative, avoiding complications associated with contrast agents. However, the challenges of labor-intensive labeling and high labeling variability due to the ambiguity of vascular boundaries hinder conventional strong-label-based, fully-supervised learning in non-contrast CTs. This paper introduces a weakly-supervised framework using ellipses' topology in slices, including 1) an efficient annotation process based on predefined standards, 2) ellipse-fitting processing, 3) the generation of 2D Gaussian heatmaps serving as pseudo labels, 4) a training process through a combination of voxel reconstruction loss and distribution loss with the pseudo labels. We assess the effectiveness of the proposed method on one local and two public datasets comprising non-contrast CT scans, particularly focusing on the abdominal aorta. On the local dataset, our weakly-supervised learning approach based on pseudo labels outperforms strong-label-based fully-supervised learning (1.54\% of Dice score on average), reducing labeling time by around 82.0\%. The efficiency in generating pseudo labels allows the inclusion of label-agnostic external data in the training set, leading to an additional improvement in performance (2.74\% of Dice score on average) with a reduction of 66.3\% labeling time, where the labeling time remains considerably less than that of strong labels. On the public dataset, the pseudo labels achieve an overall improvement of 1.95\% in Dice score for 2D models while a reduction of 11.65 voxel spacing in Hausdorff distance for 3D model.

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