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Clinical Named Entity Recognition using Contextualized Token Representations

2021-06-23 · Yichao Zhou, Chelsea Ju, J. Harry Caufield, Kevin Shih, Calvin Chen, Yizhou Sun, Kai-Wei Chang, Peipei Ping, Wei Wang

The clinical named entity recognition (CNER) task seeks to locate and classify clinical terminologies into predefined categories, such as diagnostic procedure, disease disorder, severity, medication, medication dosage, and sign symptom. CNER facilitates the study of side-effect on medications including identification of novel phenomena and human-focused information extraction. Existing approaches in extracting the entities of interests focus on using static word embeddings to represent each word. However, one word can have different interpretations that depend on the context of the sentences. Evidently, static word embeddings are insufficient to integrate the diverse interpretation of a word. To overcome this challenge, the technique of contextualized word embedding has been introduced to better capture the semantic meaning of each word based on its context. Two of these language models, ELMo and Flair, have been widely used in the field of Natural Language Processing to generate the contextualized word embeddings on domain-generic documents. However, these embeddings are usually too general to capture the proximity among vocabularies of specific domains. To facilitate various downstream applications using clinical case reports (CCRs), we pre-train two deep contextualized language models, Clinical Embeddings from Language Model (C-ELMo) and Clinical Contextual String Embeddings (C-Flair) using the clinical-related corpus from the PubMed Central. Explicit experiments show that our models gain dramatic improvements compared to both static word embeddings and domain-generic language models.

📄 PDF Abstract BibTeX arXiv:2106.12608

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Tasks

DiagnosticLanguage Modellingnamed-entity-recognitionNamed Entity RecognitionNamed Entity Recognition (NER)Word Embeddings

Methods 이 논문이 사용한 방법론

Tanh Activation 설명 없음
Sigmoid Activation 설명 없음
LSTM An LSTM is a type of recurrent neural network that addresses the vanishing gradient problem in vanilla…
BiLSTM A Bidirectional LSTM, or biLSTM, is a sequence processing model that consists of two LSTMs: one taking the input in a forward direction, and the other in a backwards…
Softmax The Softmax output function transforms a previous layer's output into a vector of probabilities. It is commonly used for multiclass classification. Given an input vector $x$…
ELMo Embeddings from Language Models, or ELMo, is a type of deep contextualized word representation that models both (1) complex characteristics of word use (e.g., syntax and…

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