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Event-based Gaze Control System for Accurate Real-time Spin Estimation in Professional Ball Games

Spin plays a crucial role in many ball sports due to its effect on the trajectory of the ball. Vision-based estimation of the ball's spin during a game with conventional cameras is challenging due to the ball's small size, high speed, and fast rotation. To address these challenges, we propose an event-based active vision system that can track unmodified balls and measure their spin in real time. The system consists of an event camera for its high temporal resolution and minimal motion blur, high-speed pan/tilt galvanometer mirrors to keep the ball in the field of view, and a low-latency focus-tunable telephoto lens to increase the spatial resolution on the ball and keep it in focus. To track the ball, we use a hybrid approach that combines 2D event-based detection for centering and 3D positions from a ball localization system for re-initialization. For high-accuracy spin estimation, we propose an offline method that performs contrast maximization on the sphere (s-CMax). This method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on static balls across multiple sports (table tennis, baseball, tennis, and golf), with mean magnitude and axis errors of 1.2% and 1.5 degrees, respectively. We then develop a low-latency online method for table tennis as a case study in real-time applications. This method uses an uncertainty-aware convolutional neural network trained on pseudo-ground-truth spin labels from the offline approach, combined with a GPU-accelerated batch implementation of contrast maximization for refinement. We demonstrate reliable tracking and spin estimation with a three-view setup during professional table tennis matches, with high accuracy (8.8% magnitude and 6.4 degrees axis mismatch w.r.t. the offline method), 3 ms latency, and 750 Hz throughput.

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