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Identifiability of Potentially Degenerate Gaussian Mixture Models With Piecewise Affine Mixing

2026-04-14 · Danru Xu, Sébastien Lachapelle, Sara Magliacane arxiv

Causal representation learning (CRL) aims to identify the underlying latent variables from high-dimensional observations, even when variables are dependent with each other. We study this problem for latent variables that follow a potentially degenerate Gaussian mixture distribution and that are only observed through the transformation via a piecewise affine mixing function. We provide a series of progressively stronger identifiability results for this challenging setting in which the probability density functions are ill-defined because of the potential degeneracy. For identifiability up to permutation and scaling, we leverage a sparsity regularization on the learned representation. Based on our theoretical results, we propose a two-stage method to estimate the latent variables by enforcing sparsity and Gaussianity in the learned representations. Experiments on synthetic and image data highlight our method's effectiveness in recovering the ground-truth latent variables.

📄 PDF Abstract BibTeX arXiv:2604.13218

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Representation Learning

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