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Introspective X Training: Feedback Conditioning Improves Scaling Across all LLM Training Stages

2026-05-19 · Brandon Cui, Ximing Lu, Jaehun Jung, Syeda Nahida Akter, Hyunwoo Kim, Yuxiao Qu, David Acuna, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yejin Choi, Prithviraj Ammanabrolu arxiv

We tackle the question of how to scale more efficiently across the many, ever-growing stages of current LLM training pipelines. Our guiding intuition stems from the fact that the dynamics of later stages of the pipeline, e.g. post-training, can be used to inform earlier stages such as pre-training. To this end, we propose Introspective Training (or IXT), inspired by offline reward-conditioned reinforcement learning and applicable to any stage of training. IXT uses a thinking reward model to annotate data with natural language critique based feedback, enabling quality aware training from the earliest stages of the pipeline. Models are then trained by prefix-conditioning the data with the generated feedback -- ensuring that not all tokens are treated equally starting much earlier in training than usual. Comprehensive experiments on 7.5-12B transformer-based dense LLMs trained from scratch all the way up to 18 Trillion tokens seen show that our method: bends scaling curves resulting in up to 2.8x more compute efficiency generally; and reaches performance levels unachievable for models trained otherwise in domains such as math and code.

📄 PDF Abstract BibTeX arXiv:2605.20285

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Reinforcement Learning

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