Learning entanglement breakdown as a phase transition by confusion
Quantum technologies require methods for preparing and manipulating entangled multiparticle states. However, the problem of determining whether a given quantum state is entangled or separable is known to be an NP-hard problem in general, and even the task of detecting entanglement breakdown for a given class of quantum states is difficult. In this work, we develop an approach for revealing entanglement breakdown using a machine learning technique, which is known as 'learning by confusion'. We consider a family of quantum states, which is parameterized such that there is a single critical value dividing states within this family into separate and entangled. We demonstrate the 'learning by confusion' scheme allows us to determine the critical value. Specifically, we study the performance of the method for the two-qubit, two-qutrit, and two-ququart entangled state. In addition, we investigate the properties of the local depolarization and the generalized amplitude damping channel in the framework of the confusion scheme. Within our approach and setting the parameterization of special trajectories, we obtain an entanglement-breakdown 'phase diagram' of a quantum channel, which indicates regions of entangled (separable) states and the entanglement-breakdown region. Then we extend the way of using the 'learning by confusion' scheme for recognizing whether an arbitrary given state is entangled or separable. We show that the developed method provides correct answers for a variety of states, including entangled states with positive partial transpose. We also present a more practical version of the method, which is suitable for studying entanglement breakdown in noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. We demonstrate its performance using an available cloud-based IBM quantum processor.
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