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Local Urysohn Width: A Topological Complexity Measure for Classification

We introduce \emph{local Urysohn width}, a complexity measure for classification problems on metric spaces. Unlike VC dimension, fat-shattering dimension, and Rademacher complexity, which characterize the richness of hypothesis \emph{classes}, Urysohn width characterizes the topological-geometric complexity of the classification \emph{problem itself}: the minimum number of connected, diameter-bounded local experts needed to correctly classify all points within a margin-safe region. We prove four main results. First, a \textbf{strict hierarchy theorem}: for every integer $w \geq 1$, there exists a classification problem on a \emph{connected} compact metric space (a bouquet of circles with first Betti number $β_1 = w$) whose Urysohn width is exactly~$w$, establishing that topological complexity of the input space forces classifier complexity. Second, a \textbf{topology $\times$ geometry scaling law}: width scales as $Ω(w \cdot L/D_0)$, where $w$ counts independent loops and $L/D_0$ is the ratio of loop circumference to locality scale. Third, a \textbf{two-way separation from VC dimension}: there exist problem families where width grows unboundedly while VC dimension is bounded by a constant, and conversely, families where VC dimension grows unboundedly while width remains~1. Fourth, a \textbf{sample complexity lower bound}: any learner that must correctly classify all points in the safe region of a width-$w$ problem needs $Ω(w \log w)$ samples, independent of VC dimension.

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