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Quantifying Spectral Differences in Vehicle Kinematics Between Production Autonomous and Human-Driven Vehicles Across Driving Scenarios

Differences in vehicle kinematic characteristics between production autonomous vehicles (PAVs) and human-driven vehicles (HVs) have been limitedly investigated by empirical studies. Most recent studies rely on simulation-based models, while some further investigate low-level adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems in controlled experiments. These methods commonly adapt some time-domain metrics to characterize PAV-HV differences across limited driving conditions. However, current PAVs equipped with high-level autonomous driving systems generate driving behaviors in a black box using data-driven models. These fundamentally different mechanisms for generating behaviors may produce distinct kinematic characteristics in traffic. More importantly, these time-domain metrics cannot reflect frequency-related traffic dynamics across different driving scenarios. Thus, this study adapted a real-world PAV dataset with four PAV platforms and developed a frequency-domain framework to quantify kinematic differences between PAVs and HVs across diverse driving scenarios, including varying driving states, lighting, weather, and vehicle densities. The framework transforms kinematic signals into the frequency domain and extracts spectral features, and then compares these features between PAVs and HVs based on kernel density estimation and Wasserstein distance. The results reveal clear scenario-dependent PAV-HV spectral differences. Specifically, speed-related differences were consistently smaller during car-following than cruising, while rainy conditions consistently enlarged acceleration-related differences compared with clear conditions. These findings highlight the necessity of multi-scenario evaluations and demonstrate the value of frequency-domain analysis for characterizing PAV-HV kinematic differences under real-world conditions.

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