Scaling Open Discrete Audio Foundation Models with Interleaved Semantic, Acoustic, and Text Tokens
Current audio language models are predominantly text-first, either extending pre-trained text LLM backbones or relying on semantic-only audio tokens, limiting general audio modeling. This paper presents a systematic empirical study of native audio foundation models that apply next-token prediction to audio at scale, jointly modeling semantic content, acoustic details, and text to support both general audio generation and cross-modal capabilities. We provide comprehensive empirical insights for building such models: (1) We systematically investigate design choices -- data sources, text mixture ratios, and token composition -- establishing a validated training recipe. (2) We conduct the first scaling law study for discrete audio models via IsoFLOP analysis on 64 models spanning $3{\times}10^{18}$ to $3{\times}10^{20}$ FLOPs, finding that optimal data grows 1.6$\times$ faster than optimal model size. (3) We apply these lessons to train SODA (Scaling Open Discrete Audio), a suite of models from 135M to 4B parameters on 500B tokens, comparing against our scaling predictions and existing models. SODA serves as a flexible backbone for diverse audio/text tasks -- we demonstrate this by fine-tuning for voice-preserving speech-to-speech translation, using the same unified architecture.
Code (0)
등록된 구현이 없습니다.
Tasks
Speech-to-Speech TranslationAudio GenerationSimilar Papers 제목 키워드 기반
MINT-1T: Scaling Open-Source Multimodal Data by 10x: A Multimodal Dataset with One Trillion Tokens
Multimodal interleaved datasets featuring free-form interleaved sequences of images and text are crucial for training frontier large multimodal models (LMMs). Despite the rapid progression of open-source LMMs, there rema…
OmniDRCA: Parallel Speech-Text Foundation Model via Dual-Resolution Speech Representations and Contrastive Alignment
Recent studies on end-to-end speech generation with large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant community attention, with multiple works extending text-based LLMs to generate discrete speech tokens. Existing …
cross-modal alignmentQuestion AnsweringSpeech SynthesisText GenerationNExT-OMNI: Towards Any-to-Any Omnimodal Foundation Models with Discrete Flow Matching
Next-generation multimodal foundation models capable of any-to-any cross-modal generation and multi-turn interaction will serve as core components of artificial general intelligence systems, playing a pivotal role in hum…
Cross-Modal Retrievalmultimodal generationCoDi-2: In-Context, Interleaved, and Interactive Any-to-Any Generation
We present CoDi-2, a versatile and interactive Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) that can follow complex multimodal interleaved instructions, conduct in-context learning (ICL), reason, chat, edit, etc., in an any-to…
Image GenerationIn-Context LearningLanguage ModelingLanguage Modelling+3An Evaluation of Interleaved Instruction Tuning on Semantic Reasoning Performance in an Audio MLLM
Standard training for Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) involves concatenating non-textual information, like vision or audio, with a text prompt. This approach may not encourage deep integration of modalities, li…