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scBatchProx: Federated-Inspired Refinement for Stable Cell-Type Discriminability under Heterogeneous Batch Compositions

Single-cell integration workflows often construct low-dimensional cell embeddings and then refine them with post-hoc methods to reduce batch effects. This refinement process can become unstable when cell-type compositions vary across batches, with some populations underrepresented or absent in particular batches. The problem becomes more consequential in dynamic single-cell data systems, where newly acquired batches can change both technical conditions and cell-type composition. Such instability can reduce downstream cell-type classification performance and weaken stability under imbalance perturbations. We introduce scBatchProx, a lightweight post-hoc refinement method for stabilizing single-cell latent embeddings in these heterogeneous and evolving settings. scBatchProx operates directly on precomputed embeddings and treats each batch or study as a client in a federated-inspired optimization procedure. A batch-conditioned FiLM adapter learns local latent updates, while proximal and identity-preserving regularization keep these updates conservative. Experiments on multi-batch and cross-study single-cell datasets show that scBatchProx improves downstream cell-type classification across different upstream embeddings. In controlled imbalance perturbations, scBatchProx maintains more stable affected-cell-type F1 when selected populations are downsampled or ablated from one batch. In cumulative retraining and continual integration settings, scBatchProx remains effective as new datasets arrive over time. Together, these results suggest that conservative, federated-inspired refinement can help maintain stable single-cell embeddings as batch compositions change across datasets and over time.

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