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SOLAR: A Self-Optimizing Open-Ended Autonomous Agent for Lifelong Learning and Continual Adaptation

Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs), they still face bottlenecks while deploying in dynamic, real-world settings with primary challenges being concept drift and the high cost of gradient-based adaptation. Traditional fine-tuning (FT) struggles to adapt to non-stationary data streams without resulting in catastrophic for getting or requiring extensive manual data curation. To address these limitations within the streaming and continual learning paradigm, we propose the Self-Optimizing Lifelong Autonomous Reasoner (SOLAR) which is an open-ended autonomous agent that leverages parameter-level meta-learning to self-improve, treating model weights as an environment for exploration. It initiates the process by consolidating a strong prior over common-sense knowledge making it effective for transfer-learning. By utilizing a multi-level reinforcement learning approach, SOLAR autonomously discovers adaptation strategies, enabling efficient test-time adaptation to unseen domains. Crucially, SOLAR maintains an evolving knowledge base of valid modification strategies, implicitly acting as an episodic memory buffer to balance plasticity (adaptation to new tasks) and stability (retention of meta-knowledge). Experiments demonstrate that SOLAR outperforms strong baselines on common-sense, mathematical, medical, coding, social and logical reasoning tasks, marking a significant step toward autonomous agents capable of lifelong adaptation in evolving environments.

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