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The effect of environmental factors in biofilm and phage interactions in Agent Based Model

As antibiotic resistance continues to pose a significant threat to public health, alternative treatments are urgently needed. Phage therapy, which utilizes bacteriophages to specifically target bacterial pathogens, has emerged as a promising solution. Given that bacteria often exist in biofilms -complex micro-communities that complicate treatment strategies, there is a clear need for models that account for spatial dynamics. This study aims to employ mathematical and statistical methodologies to identify optimal treatment strategies involving phage-antibiotic combinations. We developed an agent-based model to analyze how environmental factors (e.g. temperature, pH, and resource availability) influence bacteria-phage interactions during therapy, focusing on both healthy and immunocompromised patients. Utilizing \textit{Escherichia coli} as a case study, we observed that bacterial cells exhibit mutations that enhance their adaptability to varying environmental conditions and treatment approaches. Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of therapies targeting pathogenic and mutated bacterial cells can be significantly improved through strategic control of application timing and dosing. Additionally, we investigated the impact of biofilm structure on the efficacy of phage therapy, underscoring its importance in developing targeted treatment strategies.

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