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Towards Domain-Generalized Open-Vocabulary Object Detection: A Progressive Domain-invariant Cross-modal Alignment Method

Open-Vocabulary Object Detection (OVOD) has achieved remarkable success in generalizing to novel categories. However, this success often rests on the implicit assumption of domain stationarity. In this work, we revisit the OVOD paradigm and study a key vulnerability: the fragile coupling between visual manifolds and textual embeddings under distribution shifts. We first formulate Domain-Generalized Open-Vocabulary Object Detection (DG-OVOD) as an evaluation protocol for open-vocabulary recognition under visual shifts. Through empirical analysis, we observe that visual shifts can destabilize the latent cross-modal space, causing novel-category visual signals to drift away from their semantic anchors. Motivated by these observations, we propose Progressive Domain-invariant Cross-modal Alignment (PICA). PICA departs from uniform training by introducing a multi-level curriculum based on ambiguity and signal strength. It constructs a quality-adjusted curriculum over pseudo-word prototypes, refined by sample reliability and visual consistency, to encourage more stable cross-domain modality alignment. Our findings suggest that OVOD robustness under domain shifts is closely linked to the stability of the latent cross-modal alignment space. Our work provides a DG-OVOD evaluation protocol and a practical perspective on building more generalizable open-vocabulary systems beyond static laboratory conditions.

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