Exploring Context with Deep Structured models for Semantic Segmentation
State-of-the-art semantic image segmentation methods are mostly based on
training deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In this work, we proffer to
improve semantic segmentation with the use of contextual information. In
particular, we explore patch-patch' context and patch-background' context in
deep CNNs. We formulate deep structured models by combining CNNs and
Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) for learning the patch-patch context between
image regions. Specifically, we formulate CNN-based pairwise potential
functions to capture semantic correlations between neighboring patches.
Efficient piecewise training of the proposed deep structured model is then
applied in order to avoid repeated expensive CRF inference during the course of
back propagation. For capturing the patch-background context, we show that a
network design with traditional multi-scale image inputs and sliding pyramid
pooling is very effective for improving performance. We perform comprehensive
evaluation of the proposed method. We achieve new state-of-the-art performance
on a number of challenging semantic segmentation datasets including $NYUDv2$,
$PASCAL$-$VOC2012$, $Cityscapes$, $PASCAL$-$Context$, $SUN$-$RGBD$,
$SIFT$-$flow$, and $KITTI$ datasets. Particularly, we report an
intersection-over-union score of $77.8$ on the $PASCAL$-$VOC2012$ dataset.
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