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Model-Driven Policy Optimization in Differentiable Simulators via Stochastic Exploration

Differentiable planning enables gradient-based optimization of decision-making problems by leveraging differentiable models of system dynamics. However, in highly nonlinear and hybrid discrete-continuous domains, the resulting optimization landscapes are often ill-conditioned, with flat regions and sharp transitions that hinder effective optimization. We propose Model-Driven Policy Optimization (MDPO), a framework that introduces stochastic exploration into differentiable planning by injecting noise into the action space during optimization. Leveraging access to the model, MDPO further adapts the noise magnitude based on gradient-derived sensitivity of the trajectory objective, yielding a time-dependent exploration profile. This enables improved exploration of the objective landscape and helps escape poor local optima via dynamic allocation of exploration across timesteps and iterations. Experiments on benchmark domains demonstrate that MDPO consistently outperforms deterministic differentiable planning, including both the noise-free variant of our method and available state-of-the-art implementations, as well as model-free baselines such as PPO, significantly improving solution quality across challenging nonlinear and hybrid settings. We further analyze the evolution of the adaptive noise magnitude across both time steps and optimization iterations, providing insight into how exploration is allocated during learning.

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