Optimization of Sequential Microwave-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Maximum Recovery of Quercetin and Total Flavonoids from Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Wastes
This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions in order to maximize the recovery yields of quercetin and total flavonoids from red onion skin wastes using sequential microwave-ultrasound-assisted extraction. Five effective factors on quercetin extraction yield were investigated using response surface methodology. The method was successfully performed under optimal conditions of 60 s microwave irradiation followed by 15 min sonication at 70 {\deg}C, 70% ethanol with solvent to solid ratio of 30 mL/g. Based on the optimization results, ultrasound temperature was found to be a highly significant and influential factor for the recovery. The maximum recovery yields of quercetin and total flavonoids from red onion skin were estimated to be 10.32 and 12.52%, respectively. The predicted values for quercetin (10.05%) and total flavonoids (12.72%) were very close to the experimental results. The recovery yields obtained from different extraction methods were as follows: ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (7.66% quercetin and 10.18% total flavonoids), ultrasound-assisted extraction (5.36% quercetin and 8.34% total flavonoids), and microwave-assisted extraction (5.03% quercetin and 7.91 % total flavonoids). The validity of the projected model was examined by the obtained experimental data; in which, the validated model was suitable for the recovery of the valuable products from onion skin wastes for further scale-up in the food processes.
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