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Self-Improving Small Object Grounding in LVLMs

Can internal attention patterns in Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) identify reliable small-object boxes without fine-tuning? In this work, we provide an affirmative answer. Attention structure in LVLMs encodes grounding quality-a lightweight IoU regressor trained solely on attention maps achieves strong IoU prediction (Pearson r > 0.67). This regressor powers the regressor-based variant of our Attention-based Candidate Selection (ACS) framework, called ACS-Learned, which selects the best box from multiple sampled candidates to improve object grounding. By analyzing what the regressor learns, we reveal which transformer layers and heads are most critical and derive ACS-Free: a training-free selector that ranks candidates by attention entropy on these discriminative heads, with no learned component at inference. Experiments on COCO and Objects365 demonstrate up to 19% self-improvement on small object localization, with ACS-Free ranking best among all training-free methods, demonstrating that useful attention structure improves both localization reliability and interpretability in LVLMs.

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