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QTSeg: A Query Token-Based Architecture for Efficient 2D Medical Image Segmentation

Medical image segmentation is crucial in assisting medical doctors in making diagnoses and enabling accurate automatic diagnosis. While advanced convolutional neural networks (CNNs) excel in segmenting regions of interest with pixel-level precision, they often struggle with long-range dependencies, which is crucial for enhancing model performance. Conversely, transformer architectures leverage attention mechanisms to excel in handling long-range dependencies. However, the computational complexity of transformers grows quadratically, posing resource-intensive challenges, especially with high-resolution medical images. Recent research aims to combine CNN and transformer architectures to mitigate their drawbacks and enhance performance while keeping resource demands low. Nevertheless, existing approaches have not fully leveraged the strengths of both architectures to achieve high accuracy with low computational requirements. To address this gap, we propose a novel architecture for 2D medical image segmentation (QTSeg) that leverages a feature pyramid network (FPN) as the image encoder, a multi-level feature fusion (MLFF) as the adaptive module between encoder and decoder and a multi-query mask decoder (MQM Decoder) as the mask decoder. In the first step, an FPN model extracts pyramid features from the input image. Next, MLFF is incorporated between the encoder and decoder to adapt features from different encoder stages to the decoder. Finally, an MQM Decoder is employed to improve mask generation by integrating query tokens with pyramid features at all stages of the mask decoder. Our experimental results show that QTSeg outperforms state-of-the-art methods across all metrics with lower computational demands than the baseline and the existing methods. Code is available at https://github.com/tpnam0901/QTSeg (v0.1.0)

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